长江上游国土资源,生态环境与灾害防治

Land and natural resources, ecological environments and prevention and control of disasters along the upper reaches of the Yangtze River, western China

关键词:  长江上游  国土资源  环境  防灾

Key words:  upper reaches of the Yangtze River  land and natural resources  environment  prevention and control of disasters

摘要:

长江上游干流流经青、藏、川、滇、鄂、渝6省市,支流涉及甘肃、陕西、贵州3省,流域面积为105.4×10⁴km²,人口1.55亿,占全国国土面积的11.1%。
长江上游地区经济发展相对落后,人均国民收入低,少数民族众多,与中下游经济发达地区差距很大。但上游地区蕴藏着巨大的经济开发潜能,丰富的水力和矿产等自然资源,以及农、林、牧等物产,对中下游地区经济发展有着巨大的支援作用。同时,由于自然地理上的相关性,又使上游地区的开发治理,对中下游地区的生态环境和可持续发展有着至关重要的作用。
目前,长江上游森林植被大量减少,水源涵养能力下降,水土流失加剧:泥石流、滑坡、崩塌等地质灾害严重,旱、洪灾害频发;沿江大量排放废气、废水、污水,使大气和水体严重污染。随着上游地区生态环境的日益恶化,给中下游地区带来严重危害,河道、湖泊、水库淤积加速,洪涝灾害频繁发生,造成中下游地区经济建设和人民生命财产的重大损失。因此,必须尽快对长江上游地区进行全面综合治理,尽快开展新一轮国土资源大调查,制定各种自然资源的合理开发利用和保护方案;控制沿江污染源的排放,建立大气和水体污染监测系统;运用高新技术,建立上游重点地带地壳形变的动态监测和预警系统,防治地质灾害;充分利用上游地区丰富的水力资源,兴建多级水利设施,对地表水实施人工的时空控制,消除旱、洪灾害。

Abstract:

The Yangtze River in the upper reaches flows,from west to east,through Qinghai,Xizang,Sichuan,Yunnan,Chongqing and Hubei,and its tributaries stretch to the vast area of Gansu,Shaanxi and Guizhou over approximately 105.4×10⁴km²,11.1% of the total area of the whole country.
Economically,the upper reaches of the Yangtze River are less developed areas,where the gross domestic product (GDP) are relatively low.However these areas are famous for their abundant water and mineral resources plus a great variety of agricultural,forest and livestock products and thus may contribute to the economic development in the middle and lower reaches of the river.
At present,the rapid decrease in forest vegetation,poor water conservation and intense soil erosion result in frequent occurrence of the geological disasters such as debris flows,landslide,avalanche and collapse as well as droughts and flood disasters.The human activities such as the endless discharge and emission of waste water and gas give rise to the serious water and air pollution.These adverse ecological circumstances in the upper reaches have also exerted bad effects on the improvement of the ecological environments and sustainable development of the middle and lower reaches of the river.Therefore,it is highly necessary to call for a special law to enforce and regulate environmental conservation in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River.It is imperative to carry out the new large-scale geological survey of land and natural resources and work out the schemes for the rational exploitation and utilization and conservation of natural resources;to establish measurement systems of water and air pollution aiming at reducing pollution sources;to establish the dynamic monitoring and early warning systems of crustal deformation in the key zones with the aid of high-tech for the purpose of the prevention and control of geological hazards;to built multistage water conservancy works in order to make full use of plenty of water resources in the upper reaches,and to exercise artificial tem poral and spatial control on groundwater so as to effectively eliminate droughts and floods.